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Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union led to a massive escalation in Soviet ethnic cleansing. The partial removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups was a technique used consistently by Joseph Stalin during his government between 19 alone, at least ten different nationalities were deported. Ethnic operations ДЄ train with Romanian refugees following the Soviet annexation of BessarabiaДuring the 1930s, categorisation of so-called enemies of the people shifted from the usual MarxistвЂ“Leninist, class-based terms, such as kulak, to ethnic-based ones.

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Conservative estimates assume that 1,679,528-1,803,392 people were deported, while the highest estimates are that 15В million kulaks and their families were deported by 1937, and that during the deportation many people died, but the full number is not known. The total number of the deported people is disputed. The reported number of kulaks and their relatives who died in labour colonies from 1932 to 1940 was 389,521. Deportations on a smaller scale continued after 1931. According to data from Soviet archives, which were published in 1990, 1,803,392 people were sent to labor colonies and camps in 19, and 1,317,022 reached the destination. Large numbers of kulaks, regardless of their nationality, were resettled in Siberia and Central Asia. Resettlement of people officially designated as kulaks continued until early 1950, including several major waves: on 5 September 1951 the Soviet government ordered the deportation of kulaks from the Lithuanian SSR for 'hostile actions against kolhozes', which was one of the last resettlements of that social group. They were the most numerous group deported by the Soviet Union. Kulaks were a group of relatively affluent farmers and had gone by this class system term in the later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia, and early Soviet Union. Main articles: Dekulakization and De-Cossackization The Soviet Union also practiced deportations in occupied territories, with over 50,000 perishing from the Baltic States and 300,000 to 360,000 perishing during the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe due to Soviet deportation, massacres, and internment and labour camps. On 26 April 1991 the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, under its chairman Boris Yeltsin, passed the law On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples with Article 2 denouncing all mass deportations as 'Stalin's policy of defamation and genocide.' Two of these cases with the highest mortality rates, the deportation of the Crimean Tatars and the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, were recognized as genocides by Ukraine, three other countries, and the European Parliament respectively. Contemporary historians classify these deportations as a crime against humanity and ethnic persecution. Soviet archives documented 390,000 deaths during kulak forced resettlement and up to 400,000 deaths of persons deported to forced settlements during the 1940s however, Nicolas Werth places overall deaths closer to some 1 to 1.5В million perishing as a result of the deportations. Of this total, 1.8В million kulaks were deported in 1930вЂ“31, 1.0В million peasants and ethnic minorities in 1932вЂ“39, whereas about 3.5В million ethnic minorities were further resettled during 1940вЂ“52.

It has been estimated that, in their entirety, internal forced migrations affected at least 6В million people. This includes deportations to the Soviet Union of non-Soviet citizens from countries outside the USSR. In most cases, their destinations were underpopulated remote areas (see Forced settlements in the Soviet Union). Dekulakization marked the first time that an entire class was deported, whereas the deportation of Soviet Koreans in 1937 marked the precedent of a specific ethnic deportation of an entire nationality. These actions may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of ' anti-Soviet' categories of population (often classified as ' enemies of workers'), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill ethnically cleansed territories. From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, ordered by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and executed by the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups.